Tag Archives: Pioneer Teachers

Alaska’s Native American teacher John “Wolf Smeller” Fredson

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Alaska’s Native American teacher and pioneer John “Wolf Smeller” Fredson workded tirelessly for the Neetsaii Gwich’in people of the Yukoi, Photo credit: US National Park Service.

Often dedicated teachers commit themselves to the important social causes of their day. This is true of Alaska’s John “Wolf Smeller” Fredson, a Native American educator and hospital worker who labored tirelessly on behalf of the Neetsaii Gwich’in people of the Yukon.

John was born in 1896 near Table Mountain by the Sheenjek River watershed in the Yukon. He grew up speaking Gwich’in as his first language. His Gwich’in name is Zhoh Gwatson, which translated means “Wolf Smeller.” Orphaned at a young age, John attended a mission school operated by the Episcopal church.

As a youngster, John became exceptionally skilled in climbing, hunting, and following trails. At age 14, he became a member of a 1913 expedition that climbed Mount Denali, the highest peak in North America. For this expedition Johnny served as the base camp manager. While the older men climbed, John  remained at the base camp for 31 days by himself, feeding himself by hunting caribou and sheep. The young boy’s experiences are documented in the book Ascent of Denali by Archdeacon Hudson Stuck, another member of the expedition.

With the Archdeacon’s encouragement, John decided to continue his education beyond elementary school, becoming the first native of Athabascan descent to complete high school. He earned a scholarship to attend Sewanee, the University of the South, an Episcopal college located in Tennessee. He was the first Alaska native to graduate from a university. While there, John worked with renowned linguist Edward Sapir to classify Gwich’in as part of the Na-Dene language family. This work is documented in the book John Fredson Edward Sapir Ha’a Googwandak (1982).

After he graduated from college, John served his country in the US military. When he was discharged, he returned to Alaska, where he worked at a hospital in Fort Yukon. In his later years, he built a solarium for Native American tuberculosis patients. At that time, his facility was the only hospital in the far north, and was utilized by many native Alaskan patients, primarily from the Gwich’in tribe. Most of these patients suffered from communicable diseases introduced by Europeans and Asians to which the natives had no immunity.

John also taught school in the village of Venetie, instructing his students how to grow household gardens in a community that had previously supported themselves through hunting. In Venetie John became a tribal leader and worked to establish Native Alaskan rights to traditional lands. He was the primary founder of the Venetie Indian Reserve, the largest reservation in Alaska, which earned federal recognition in 1941, before Alaska was admitted to the Union as a state. The reserve was approximately 1.4 million acres at the time of its establishment. On this reserve the John Fredson School of Yukon Flats has been named in his honor, and the school remains there to this day.

All his life, John “Wolf Smeller” Fredson was a Native American rights activist, writer, hunter, skilled debater, musician, artist, and more. He is said to have lived his life with integrity, passion, and a great sense of humor. He always exhibited a great love for the land and for his people, and he made many significant contributions to his tribe in his relatively short life.

Alas, this Chalkboard Champion died of pneumonia on August 22, 1945.

Remembering Christa McAuliffe, the first teacher in space

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Christa McAuliffe

New Hampshire history teacher Christa McAuliffe, the first teacher in space, was lost during the launch of the space shuttle Challenger on January 26, 1986. Photo credit: NASA.

One of the saddest days of my teaching career was the day our nation lost the first educator to go into space, New Hampshire history teacher Christa McAuliffe. In only my fifth year of teaching, I was so proud that a fellow teacher had been selected as the first civilian in space. I was more than a little star-struck by the professionalism, intelligence, and infectious enthusiasm of the chosen candidate, who was selected from among 11,000 other highly-qualified applicants.

Christa was born on Sept. 2, 1948, in Boston, Massachusetts. She earned her Bachelor’s degree in Education and History from Framingham State College in 1970, and her Master’s degree in Bowie State University in 1978.

During her mission in space, Christa planned to write a journal of her experiences as an astronaut from the perspective that even an ordinary citizen can take center stage in the making of history. She was to have been the perfect example of that. In addition, the intrepid educator was scheduled to perform lessons and simple scientific experiments aboard the space shuttle which would be viewed by students in classrooms all over America.

Tragically, Christa was one of seven astronauts killed when the space shuttle Challenger exploded on January 28, 1986, just 73 seconds after lift-off. The journal she never got to finish was replaced by A Journal for Christa: Christa McAuliffe, Teacher in Space, written by Grace George Corrigan, Christa’s grief-stricken mother. This book is a tender tribute to an extraordinary teacher. A Journal for Christa can be ordered form amazon. I have also included a chapter about Christa McAuliffe in my second book, Chalkboard Heroes: Twelve Courageous Teachers and their Deeds of Valor, also available on amazon.

Mary Aguirre of Arizona: Trailblazer, pioneer, and teacher

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During the taming of the Wild West, many educators became trailblazers. One of these was Mary Aguirre, a pioneer teacher in Tucson, Arizona. Photo credit: Arizona Historical Society.

During the taming of the Wild West, many talented educators became trailblazers. One of these was Mary Aguirre. She was a pioneer and teacher in Tucson, Arizona.

Mary was born Mary Bernard in St. Louis, Missouri, the daughter of a wealthy merchant. Her early years were spent in Baltimore, Maryland, but later her family moved to Westport, Missouri, where her father owned a large store. At the age of 17, she enrolled in college. When the Civil War erupted, Mary supported the Southern cause.

In 1862, Mary married Epifanio Aguirre, a Mexican freighting contractor. The union produced three sons. In 1863, Epifanio and Mary moved with their children to the Southwest, where they settled in Las Cruces, New Mexico. During her travels, Mary kept a detailed journal. The account is considered an important documentary record of the time. By 1869, the family had relocated to Tucson, Arizona. The following year, Epifanio was killed in Sasabe, Arizona, during an Apache raid of a stagecoach. Following her husband’s death, Mary was forced for financial reasons to return to her parents’ home in Missouri.

Mary returned to Tucson in 1874. For the next four years, she taught in public schools in the Tucson area, including the Tucson Public School for Girls. In 1878, she transferred to Arivaca, 60 miles south of Tucson, where she became one of the first teachers on the faculty at the newly-established University of Arizona (UA). There she became the first woman professor, and she went on to Chair of the Departments of Spanish Language and the English History in 1885.

Sadly, Mary was seriously injured in a Pullman train crash in San Jose, California, in 1906. Two weeks after the accident, on May 24, she passed away.

For her work as a pioneer teacher of the Southwest, the University of Arizona awards a Women’s and Gender Studies professorship in Mary’s name every year. In 1983, she was inducted into the Arizona Women’s Hall of Fame.

To learn more about this trailblazer, pioneer, and teacher, see this online biography published by www.tucson.com.

Elaine Goodale Eastman: She was a “Sister to the Sioux”

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Elaine Goodale Eastman: The teacher who was a “Sister to the Sioux” (Photo credit: Boston University)

Many talented and dedicated educators have devoted themselves to working for disenfranchised groups of students. One of these was Elaine Goodale Eastman, who often called herself a “Sister to the Sioux.”

Elaine Goodale Eastman, originally from Massachusetts, was a talented teacher who established a day school on a Sioux Indian reservation in the territory of South Dakota. She believed very strongly that it was best to keep Native American children at home rather than transport them far away from their families to Indian boarding schools. She hadn’t taught on the reservation very long when she was promoted to the position of Superintendent of Indian Education for the Two Dakotas. In this capacity, she traveled throughout the five Dakota reservations, visiting the more than 60 government and missionary schools within her jurisdiction, writing detailed evaluation reports on each school she visited.

It was because of her work that Elaine just happened to be visiting the Pine Ridge Reservation when the tragic Wounded Knee Massacre took place. As a result of this tragedy, more than 200 men, women, and children from the Lakota tribe were killed, and another 51 were wounded. In addition, 25 government soldiers were also killed, most by “friendly fire,” and another 39 were wounded. Following the massacre, she and her fiance, physician Charles Eastman of the Santee Sioux tribe, cared for the survivors and wrote detailed government reports to accurately describe what happened.

In her later years, when America was experiencing a back-to-nature revival, Elaine and her husband operated Indian-themed summer camps in New Hampshire. Read more of the life story of this fascinating educator in Theodore D. Sargent’s biography The Life of Elaine Goodale Eastman, or an encapsulated version in my first book, Chalkboard Champions: Twelve Remarkable Teachers Who Educated America’s Disenfranchised Students, both available on amazon.

Schoolmarm Mary Ann Dyer: Pioneer of the Texas Panhandle

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Schoolmarm Mary Ann Dyer became known as a pioneer of the Texas Panhandle. Photo credit: Texas State Historical Associatoin

I enjoy sharing stories of intrepid educators who courageously braved the dangers faced by our early pioneers. One of these was schoolmarm Mary Ann Dyer, who has often been called a pioneer of the Texas Panhandle.

Mary Ann, who was frequently called Molly, was born September 12, 1839, in Madison County, Tennessee. Her family included prominent lawyers and government officials. When she was just a teenager, her family relocated to Weatherford, Texas. There her parents died, and the young woman was forced to raise her five brothers on her own.

Mary Ann was just a young woman when the Civil War broke out, and the elder two of her brothers enlisted in the Confederate Army. To help support the three younger brothers, Mary Ann accepted a position as a schoolmarm in the local school.

In 1870, the young schoolmarm married Charles Goodnight, a Texas rancher and cattle-driver. After first settling in Colorado, the couple established their Texas Pandhandle ranch, at first living in a sod dugout while Charles built their log house. On the ranch, Mary Ann became a nurse, homemaker, and substitute mother to the cowboys who worked for her husband. She taught them to read, patched their clothes, and hosted parties to entertain them. Over the years that followed, Mary Ann rescued and raised orphaned buffaloes. She helped establish the Goodnight buffalo herd, which became well-known all over the world. Some of her buffalo were crossbred with range cattle to produce a new breed, the “cattalo.” The breed is now known as “buffalo.”

Over time, many more settlers established homes in the Panhandle, building churches, schools, and other organizations. To help educate these newcomers, Mary Ann helped establish Goodnight College in 1898. The college was open until 1917, but closed with the opening of West Texas State Normal College in Canyon, Texas, and Clarendon College in nearby Clarendon, Texas.

Mary Ann (Molly) Dyer passed away on April 11, 1926, in Armstrong County, Texas. She was 86 years old. Her headstone reads “One who spent her whole life in the service of others.” In 1991, this Chalkboard Champion was inducted into the National Cowgirl Museum and Hall of Fame.

To read more about this amazing teacher and pioneer, see Love Untamed: Romances of the Old West by Jo Ann Chartier and Chris Enss. The volume can be found on amazon.